RESUMO: O manejo nutricional do jardim clonal de cafeeiros influencia a produção e qualidade fisiológica dos propágulos vegetativos e na produção de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a produção de mudas a partir de estacas clonais retiradas de plantas matrizes de Coffea canephora cultivada com doses crescentes de nitrogênio mineral. As estacas foram retiradas de plantas matrizes de cafeeiros C. canephora var. botânica Robusta, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Embrapa-RO. As plantas matrizes receberam adubação nitrogenada nas doses: 0 (Controle); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 e 300 kg de N por hectare, parceladas em quatro aplicações, durante 150 dias de crescimento das hastes ortotrópica (brotos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: massa seca das estacas, conteúdo nutricional das estacas e a produção de mudas, com análise de crescimento, aos zero, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143 e 164 dias após o estaqueamento (DAE) e a análise das características vegetativas, aos 122 DAE. A adubação nitrogenada na planta matriz resultou na variação do acúmulo de macronutrientes nas estacas, mas a ordem K > N > Ca > P > Mg > S foi mantida independente da dose de N. Além disso, foi verificado que há correlação positiva entre as doses de nitrogênio e o acúmulo de massa seca, assim como, a qualidade fisiológica das mudas.

ABSTRACT: The nutritional management of the coffee clonal garden influences the production and physiological quality and seedlings production of vegetative propagules. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the seedlings’ production from clonal cuttings taken from Coffea canephora mother plants grown with increasing nitrogen mineral doses. The cuttings were taken from C. canephora var. botany Robusta, from the Embrapa Genetic Improvement Program of Rondônia. The mother plants received nitrogen fertilizer at different doses: 0 (Control); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 and 300 kg of N per hectare divided into 4 applications, during 150 days of orthotropic stems growth (shoots). The following parameters were evaluated: Dry mass of cuttings, nutritional content of cuttings, and seedlings production, with growth analysis at 0, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143, and 164 days after staking (DAS) and analysis of vegetative characteristics at 122 DAS. The nitrogen fertilization in the mother plant resulted in the variation of macronutrient accumulation in cuttings, but the order K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S was maintained, regardless of N dose. In addition, a positive correlation between nitrogen doses and dry matter accumulation, as well as the physiological quality of seedlings was identified.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de estacas de genótipos de Coffea canephora, em um novo sistema de condução de plantas matrizes denominado “jardim clonal vertical”. O novo sistema proposto consiste da condução dos cafeeiros com apenas uma haste e sem o vergamento da haste principal, de tal forma que as hastes ortotrópicas secundárias, de onde serão retiradas as estacas clonais, sejam emitidas em toda a extensão do caule, no sentido vertical. A capacidade de produção de estacas de dez genótipos híbridos de cafeeiros foi avaliada durante dez ciclos de produção. Os genótipos 'BRS 2314', 'BRS 3213' e 'BRS 3210' apresentaram produção de estacas por corte de 425,000 estacas por hectare, considerada acima da média obtida. Já os genótipos 'BRS 3193', 'BRS 2336', 'BRS 3220' e 'BRS 3137' foram os menos produtivos. Cafeeiros conduzidos em sistema de “jardim clonal vertical” podem produzir cerca de 425,000 estacas por hectare por corte ou cerca de 1,275 milhão de estacas por hectare por ano, em três cortes, com maior facilidade de manejo e tratos culturais da lavoura.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of cuttings of Coffea canephora genotypes, in a new system for training mother plants called “vertical clonal garden”. The proposed new system consists of training coffee plants with only one shoot and without bending the main shoot, so that the secondary orthotropic shoots, from which the clonal cuttings will be taken, are formed across the length of the stem in the vertical direction. The capacity for the production of cuttings of ten hybrid genotypes of coffee plants was evaluated over ten production cycles. The 'BRS 2314', 'BRS 3213', and 'BRS 3210' genotypes showed cutting production per cut of 425,000 cuttings per hectare, considered above the obtained average. The 'BRS 3193', 'BRS 2336', 'BRS 3220', and 'BRS 3137' genotypes were the least productive. Coffee plants trained in the “vertical clonal garden” system can produce about 425,000 cuttings per hectare per harvest period or about 1.275 million cuttings per hectare per year, over three harvest periods, with a greater ease in crop management and treatments.

RESUMO Informações sobre o manejo do cafeeiro clonais de Coffea canephora de alto rendimento agronômico na Amazônia, ainda são escassas, especialmente no que se refere ao aspecto nutricional e a quantificação da eficiência do sistema de cultivo. Assim, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a influência de doses de adubação nitrogenada e potássica sobre a eficiência do uso de fertilizantes e a produtividade em cafeeiros C. canephora. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da EMBRAPA Rondônia em Porto Velho - RO, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, composto pela combinação de 6 doses de fertilizantes (0; 250; 500; 1.000; 2.000 e 3.000 kg ha-¹ do formulado 20-00-20) e 3 anos de avaliação (safras 2014, 2015 e 2016). Foi observado interação entre os fatores doses e anos de avaliação. Para efeito de dose dentro de cada safra foi evidenciado comportamento exponencial, com produções máximas de 51, 114 e 79 sacas ha-¹ na dose de 3.000 kg do formulado em todas as safras avaliadas, respectivamente. Este comportamento foi refletido nas produtividades média e acumulada das três safras. Quanto ao efeito de safras dentro de cada dose, a safra do ano de 2015 apresentou maior produtividade. Para a eficiência do uso dos fertilizantes, o comportamento foi exponencial decrescente apresentando maior eficiência na menor dose. O aumento das doses do formulado promove incremento exponencial da produtividade e decréscimo na eficiência do uso de fertilizantes por cafeeiros Coffea canephora, e sob esse manejo ocorre forte bienalidade de produção.

ABSTRACT Little is known about the management of high-yield clonal Coffea canephora in the Amazonian Region, mainly for nutritional aspects and cultivation system efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates on coffee grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency of C. canephora trees. An experiment was performed at an experimental field of the Embrapa Rondônia in Porto Velho (RO), Brazil. It was carried out in a split-plot scheme with six doses of 20-00-20 NPK formulation (0; 250; 500; 1,000; 2,000; and 3,000 kg ha-1) and three years of evaluation (2014, 2015, and 2016). An interaction between fertilizer dose and crop year was observed. Fertilizer doses showed an exponential behavior, with maximum yields of 51, 114, and 79 bags ha-1 at 3,000 kg ha-1 in the crop years of 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Such a behavior impacted average and accumulated yields in the three harvest seasons. As for crop year effect within each fertilizer dose, the highest yield was reached in the second harvest after pruning for renewal of orthotropic stems. Moreover, fertilizer use efficiency by plants decreased exponentially, with the highest value at the lowest dose. Increasing doses of 20-00-20 formulation promoted an exponential increase in grain yield but decreased its use efficiency by C. canephora plants. This management also stimulated a strong biannual production.

ABSTRACT. This study presents an evaluation of the viability of using protected urea under different irrigation depths to reduce nitrogen losses caused by the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) under the conditions of the Southwestern Amazon. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Rondônia, in the municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a Red-Yellow Latosol and arranged in a 5 x 6 factorial design consisting of a combination of five treatments (N sources) with six irrigation depths. The sources of N were as follows: 1) urea (45.5% N); 2) urea (44.3% N) + 0.15% copper and 0.4% boron; 3) urea (45% N) + NBPT; 4) urea (43% N) + sulfur (1%); and 5) control (without N). The irrigation depths were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. The results showed that, regardless of the use of urease inhibitors, an irrigation depth of 10 mm is suitable for incorporating urea into the soil and stabilizing N losses from NH3 volatilization. NBPT is the most efficient inhibitor under nonirrigated conditions. All N sources promote increases in the concentrations of nitric and ammonia nitrogen in the soil. In the first 15 days after fertilizer application, the highest concentrations of ammonium were in the 0 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm soil layers, and NBPT showed the highest ammonium content compared to that of the other sources in the 0 - 10 cm layer. The nitric nitrogen content in the soil was slightly influenced by the irrigation depth in the first 15 days after fertilizer application. However, the ammonia nitrogen content decreased exponentially with the increase in irrigation depth due to the movement of ammonia in the soil.

ABSTRACT In Coffea canephora, the number of orthotropic shoots is directly related to plant yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative and yield performance of Coffea canephora, from the botanical variety Conilon, under different management systems for early emission of orthotropic shoots. The experiment was carried out in Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, between November 2011 and May 2014. Three types of management techniques were tested for early induction of orthotropic shoots in coffee trees (T1 = bending of the orthotropic shoot; T2 = apical pruning of the orthotropic shoot, T3 = free growing). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 20 replicates. Each block consisted of a clonal genotype (clone) from the Embrapa Coffee Breeding Program. The techniques pruning and apical pruning were efficient to induce early growth of orthotropic shoots in Coffea canephora, resulting in higher yield in the first commercial bean production.

RESUMO As características intrínsecas do propágulo vegetativo podem influenciar na velocidade de enraizamento e crescimento da parte aérea, bem como, na qualidade fisiológica final de mudas clonais de cafeeiros (Coffea canephora). Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade fisiológica de mudas de cafeeiros ‘Robusta’ produzidas a partir de propágulos (estacas caulinares) com diferentes idades. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, Brasil (10˚45’43” S e 62˚15’10” W). As idades de formação das estacas foram: 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias, o que correspondeu a cinco posições na haste ortotrópica secundária (broto), do ápice para a base. Foram avaliadas as taxas de acúmulo de massa seca e de crescimento relativo e absoluto durante 188 dias após o estaqueamento, bem como, características vegetativas das mudas aos 125 dias após o estaqueamento. Sobre o crescimento conclui-se que este pode ser dividido em três fases: 1) Inicial: crescimento lento, com duração de aproximadamente 83 dias; 2) Intermediária: de rápido crescimento, com duração de aproximadamente 40 dias; 3) Final: de crescimento lento, que tem início aproximadamente 125 dias após o estaqueamento. Sobre a qualidade fisiológica conclui-se que, apesar de todas as idades das estacas [cuttings] apresentarem curvas de crescimento semelhantes, as estacas [cuttings] de 60, 90 e 120 dias são as que proporcionam o melhor desempenho vegetativo das mudas aos 125 dias após o estaqueamento.

ABSTRACT The intrinsic characteristics of the vegetative propagule may influence the rooting speed and shoot growth, as well as the final physiological quality of clonal seedlings of Coffea canephora. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and physiological quality of ‘Robusta’ coffee seedlings produced from propagules (stem cuttings) with different cutting ages. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in the district of Ouro Preto do Oeste, in Rondônia, Brazil (10˚45’43” S and 62˚15’10” W). The ages of the cuttings were 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days, corresponding to five positions on the secondary orthotropic stem (sprout), from the apex to the base. Dry matter accumulation, and relative and absolute growth rates were evaluated for 188 days after cutting, as well as the vegetative characteristics of the seedlings at 125 days after cutting. It appears that growth can be divided into three phases: 1) Initial: slow growth, lasting approximately 83 days; 2) Intermediate: fast growth, lasting approximately 40 days; and 3) Final: slow growth, starting approximately 125 days after cutting. With physiological quality, although all the cuttings showed similar growth curves, those of 60, 90 and 120 days produced, 125 days after cutting, the best vegetative performance in the seedlings.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar inibidores de urease quanto à redução de perdas por volatilização de amônia proveniente da ureia, em solos da Amazônia. O experimento foi realizado em um Latossolo Amarelo de textura muito argilosa, em um Latossolo Vermelho de textura argilosa, e em um Plintossolo Argilúvico de textura franco-siltosa. Cada experimento foi realizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com uso de ureia convencional, ureia+benzimidazol, ureia+benzoiltioureia, ureia+N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato, e um controle sem fertilizante. A amônia volatilizada foi coletada 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 e 384 horas após aplicação dos fertilizantes. Os picos de volatilização de amônia atingiram o máximo às 144 horas nos tratamentos com ureia convencional, ureia + benzimidazol e ureia + benzoiltioureia. Picos de volatilização entre 192 e 288 horas ocorreram no tratamento ureia + N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato. Em Latossolo Amarelo, os compostos benzimidazol e o benzoiltioureia promoveram redução de 22 e 10%, respectivamente, das perdas de amônia, em solos sem inibidores de urease. No entanto, nenhum desses agentes reduziu significativamente a volatilização da amônia à taxa determinada para ureia convencional, em Latossolo Vermelho e em Plintossolo Argilúvico. N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato é o inibidor de urease mais eficiente para os solos do sudoeste da Amazônia.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate urease inhibitors for the reduction of ammonia volatilization in Amazonian soils. The work was carried out on a clayey yellow Oxisol, a clayey red Oxisol, and on a light silty Ultisol. Each experiment was conducted in split plots, using standard urea, urea + a benzimidazole-type urease inhibitor (BZI1), urea + a benzoylthiourea-type urease inhibitor (RTB68), urea + N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate (NBPT), or a fertilizer-free control. Volatilized ammonia was collected at 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336, and 384 hours after fertilization. Ammonia volatilization reached a maximum at 144 hours in the urea, urea + benzimidazole, and urea + benzoylthiourea treatments. A peak level was reached at 192 and 288 hours in the urea + N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate treatment. In yellow Oxisols, benzimidazole and benzoylthiourea reduced the ammonia losses by 22 and 10%, respectively, in soils without urease inhibitors. However, neither of these agents significantly reduced ammonia volatilization at the rate determined for standard urea in red Oxisols or Ultisols. N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate is the most efficient urease inhibitor for the soils of southwestern Amazonia.